What is a common indicator of system inefficiency in a water distribution network?

A common indicator of system inefficiency in a water distribution network is high levels of unaccounted-for water. Unaccounted-for water represents the difference between the volume of water produced and the volume of water that is billed to customers. This discrepancy can arise from various factors such as leaks in the distribution system, unauthorized use, or metering inaccuracies. High levels of unaccounted-for water suggest that the system is losing water that could otherwise be delivered to customers, reflecting systemic issues such as aging infrastructure, inadequate maintenance, or poor management practices. Addressing this inefficiency is essential for improving overall water conservation, reducing operational costs, and enhancing service reliability for customers.